Kuwait Court of Cassation principle number 910

The offence of forgery. Established by the mere intentional alteration of the truth in an instrument by one of the means prescribed by law, including altering the instrument by deleting some of its words, adding words that did not exist, changing some words, or placing another person's signature, seal or fingerprint on it without authorization from that person. Limits and basis thereof. - Alteration of the truth by the forger's own hand. Not a condition for punishment for forgery. Reason therefor. - The appellant and the second accused supplied the third accused with an old scrap certificate and asked him to modify its particulars using a computer; he entered those particulars into the computer and made - 250 - Penal Law the requested modification, then printed the two forged scrap certificates with their particulars by photocopying; the appellant used them to sell the two stolen cars and signed the two sale contracts with a signature he attributed to their owners. A sound basis for establishing against the appellant the offences of forgery of official and private instruments. - Criminal law has not prescribed a particular method of proof in forgery proceedings. The judge may form his conviction therein without being bound by particular evidence, which need not be explicit and independently indicative of the fact to be proved. It suffices that proof of that fact is inferred from the circumstances and presumptions revealed to the court and by deriving conclusions from premises.