Article 153 of Civil Code

1 - Annulment of a contract on the ground of fraud requires that the stratagems have emanated from the other contracting party, his representative, one of his subordinates, a person whom he used as an intermediary in concluding the contract, or a person for whose benefit the contract is concluded. Law Index 962 Home Page Civil Code Decree-Law No. 67 of 1980 AD promulgating the Civil Code - If the stratagems emanated from a third party, the person deceived by them may not invoke annulment unless the other contracting party, upon concluding the contract, knew of those stratagems or was in a position to know of them.