Article 21 of Traffic Law

The instructor shall be deemed the driver of the motor vehicle and shall be criminally liable, alone or jointly with the learner, for any violation of the provisions of this Law occurring during instruction, unless he proves that he was not negligent or that the learner committed the violation contrary to his instructions and despite his admonition and warning. Article 22 (1) No person may learn to drive motor vehicles or motorcycles without first obtaining a learner's permit from the General Traffic Department. The Executive Regulations shall specify the system for issuing learner's permits, their conditions, duration and fees, and places of instruction