Article 11 of Electronic Transactions Law

An electronic document or record shall be deemed issued by the originator whether issued by him personally or by another on his account through an electronic system configured to operate automatically by the originator or on his behalf. An electronic document or record shall constitute evidence against the originator in favour of the addressee in any of the following cases: 1 - If the originator issued it himself. -2- If the addressee used an electronic data processing system whose use for this purpose he had previously agreed upon with the originator. 5 - If the electronic document or record reached the addressee as a result of procedures undertaken by a person subordinate to the originator or acting as his representative and authorized to access the electronic means used by either of them to identify the originator. An electronic document or record shall not constitute evidence against the originator in the following two cases: 1 - Where the addressee receives a notice from the originator informing him that the electronic document or record was not issued by him, he must act on the basis that it was not issued by the originator. The originator shall be responsible for any consequences that occurred before receipt of this notice, unless he proves that the electronic document or record was not actually issued by him in the first place. 2- If the addressee knew or could have known that the electronic document or record was not issued by the originator. 3- The addressee may treat each electronic message he receives as an independent communication and act on that assumption alone, unless he knew or should have known, had he exercised the care of an ordinary person or used any agreed procedure, that the electronic message was a duplicate copy.